Three Points Approach (3PA) for urban flood risk management: A tool to support climate change adaptation through transdisciplinarity and multifunctionality

Urban flood risk is increasing as a consequence of climate change and growing impervious surfaces. Increasing complexity of the urban context, gradual loss of tacit knowledge and decreasing social awareness are at the same time leading to inadequate choices with respect to urban flood risk management (UFRM). The European Flood Risk Directive emphasises the need for non-structural measures aimed at urban resilience and social preparedness. The Three Points Approach (3PA) provides a structure facilitating the decision making processes dealing with UFRM. It helps to accept the complexity of the urban context and promotes transdisciplinarity and multifunctionality. The 3PA introduces three domains wherein water professionals may act and where aspects valued by different stakeholders come into play: (1) technical optimisation, dealing with standards and guidelines for urban drainage systems; (2) spatial planning, making the urban area more resilient to future changing conditions; and (3) day-to-day values, enhancing awareness, acceptance and participation among stakeholders. Based on in-depth interviews conducted in The Netherlands and Denmark, we describe the complexity of decision making in practical UFRM and explain how the 3PA can be used when organising participatory processes. We introduce a theoretical framework characterising the large range of aspects involved in decision making related to UFRM and evaluate the usefulness of the 3PA in dealing with it. We conclude that the 3PA offers water managers and operators an efficient communication tool and thinking system, which helps to reduce complexity to a level suitable when organising strategy plans for UFRM and urban adaptation to climate change.     

A best practice process model for hybrid concrete construction

The term ‘hybrid concrete construction’ (HCC) is used to describe the combination of concrete construction methods, e.g. in‐situ concrete and precast concrete, with one another or with other materials, e.g. steel. Although it could be argued that most buildings employ such combinations, HCC is the deliberate integration of different construction techniques to achieve a cost, speed or other performance benefit. UK government has been concerned that the construction industry suffers from poor management and exchange of tacit knowledge which can disappear after project teams ‘break up’. The completion of several innovative and high profile HCC projects was considered to be a major opportunity to capture project teams' tacit knowledge in this area. The objective of the research was to compile a best practice process model, such that project teams could be better informed as to their roles and responsibilities and thus be better equipped to deliver a building to the client's satisfaction, by using HCC. Interviews and knowledge capture workshops were used to extract lessons that lay embedded in both individuals and teams. The main conclusions were that successful HCC projects were characterized for example, by the development of an ethos of trust, the early involvement of specialists (such as precasters) and the effective management of both tacit and explicit knowledge. The research builds on previous work in the area by identifying best practice information on design, specification and construction factors for HCC and, in addition, some transferable lessons on knowledge capture techniques.     

Challenges for integrated design (ID) in sustainable buildings

It is often argued that integrated design (ID) is a powerful way to enhance collaboration in construction projects. This collaboration is seen as a way of improving innovation to create more sustainable buildings. Contrary to the traditional silo-type and linear design process, ID is based on upfront stakeholder involvement and a holistic approach to project decision-making. Although ID’s premises are theoretically-founded, a close empirical look at its practices shows that numerous challenges compromise its results and efficiency. This study examines the ID process through an iterative process that includes the construction of a conceptual framework and its empirical validation. We examine three green construction projects in Canada. Based on the analysis of 26 interviews with key project stakeholders and more than 198 construction documents, the study assembles – and ultimately applies – a multi-lens framework based on four themes: the fragmented nature of construction; risk perception; stakeholders’ commitment; and efficiency in the design process. Results show that three tensions arise in ID practices: between collaboration and process efficiency, between short-term and long-term goals, and between integrated methods and traditional ones. The study sheds light on ID limits and reveals how stakeholders can improve their interactions to design more sustainable buildings.     

情景规划方法的理论探源、行动框架及其应用意义——探索超越“工具理性”的战略规划决策平台

探究复杂和不确定环境中决策行为的情景依赖的特征,在统一的分析框架中厘清“各派”情景规划中的步骤逻辑及其内在差异;最后结合我国当前的城市发展决策及城市规划的角色,探索情景规划的应用路径、意义与前景.文章认为,情景规划的价值在于为决策者提供了基于其自身情景依赖的理性决策的机制,促使决策者探索规划成立的前提和空间现象背后的真实制约条件.情景规划正面回应了我国精英决策带来必然性的价值渗透,有利于推进规划从“技术决策”到“政治决策”再向“科学决策”的转变.应用过程中需明确情景规划相同步骤不兼容的不同逻辑,以避免混淆情景规划的丰富内涵.     

Structural frame selection: case studies of hybrid concrete frames

Hybrid concrete construction (HCC) uses a combination of in-situ and precast concrete and is an example of ‘mixed’ construction, which is the term for an innovative combination of different materials or framing methods. Examples of HCC exist in many countries to fulfil varying structural requirements, so it is not clear why HCC is not better used in the UK. Research was undertaken to gain a better understanding of the selection and use of HCC. Two case study projects were investigated to explore decision-making criteria, the roles of project participants and the challenges particular to HCC. The findings suggest that HCC is selected when measurable cost or programme advantages are not the most important criteria, but where other factors such as satisfying architectural requirements (finish, colour, etc.) or operational demands (such as internal comfort or maintenance) are critical. In both cases, clients and architects were found to be the most influential team members in the frame-selection process.

La construction en béton hybride (HCC) utilise une combinaison de béton in situ et de béton précoulé; c'est un exemple de ‘construction mixte’; cette expression définit une combinaison innovante de différents matériaux et méthodes de coffrage. Il existe des exemples de HCC dans de nombreux pays qui répondent à différentes exigences structurales; on peut donc difficilement expliquer pourquoi la HCC n'est pas mieux utilisée au Royaume-Uni. Des recherches ont été entreprises pour mieux comprendre les choix et les usages de la HCC. Deux études de cas ont été engagées, l'objectif étant d'explorer les critères décisionnels, le rôle des participants à ces projets et les défis particuliers propres à la HCC. Les résultats laissent à penser que la HCC est retenue lorsque le coût mesurable ou les avantages du programme ne sont pas les critères les plus importants et lorsque d'autres facteurs comme la réponse aux exigences architecturales (finition, couleur, etc.) ou d'autres exigences opérationnelles (comme le confort intérieur ou la maintenance) sont critiques. Dans les deux cas, les clients et les architectes sont apparus comme les membres les plus influents des équipes lors du processus de sélection du cadre.

Mots clés: processus de conception, construction en béton hybride, construction mixte, critères de performances, cadre structural     

The building performance sketch

A new approach to the creation of design tools is proposed that addresses the real information needs of designers in the early stages of design of non-residential buildings. Traditional simplified design tools are typically too limited to be of much use, even in conceptual design. The proposal is to provide access to the power of detailed simulation tools at a stage in design when little is known about the final building, but at a stage also when the freedom to explore options is greatest and the ability to improve the design is greatest. The concept of the building performance sketch forms the basis of the proposed design tool. It was derived from consultation with design analysis teams as part of the development of the COMFEN tool for fenestration design. Tools like COMFEN are explored to understand how they were shaped by consultation and how requests from these teams for real-world relevance might shape such tools in the future. The simulation process can effectively utilize some of the as-built, as-occupied and as-managed lessons on behaviours and technical outcomes from the Post-occupancy Evaluation (PoE) of buildings.

Il est proposé pour la création des outils de conception une nouvelle approche répondant aux véritables besoins d'information des concepteurs dans les premières phases de conception des bâtiments non résidentiels. Les outils de conception simplifiée traditionnels sont habituellement trop limités pour être très utiles, même en design conceptuel. Ce qui est proposé est de pouvoir accéder à la puissance d'outils de simulation détaillée à un stade de la conception où l'on sait encore peu de choses concernant le bâtiment final, mais également à un stade auquel la liberté d'exploration des options possibles comme la capacité d'amélioration de la conception sont les plus grandes. Le concept du schéma de performance du bâtiment constitue la base de l'outil de conception proposé. Il découle de la consultation des équipes chargées de l'analyse de la conception dans le cadre du développement de l'outil COMFEN de conception du fenêtrage. Des outils tels que COMFEN sont examinés afin de comprendre comment ils ont été modelés par la consultation et comment les demandes de ces équipes en termes de pertinence réelle pourraient façonner ces outils à l'avenir. Le processus de simulation peut tirer efficacement parti de certaines des leçons, conformes à l'exécution, à l'occupation et à la gestion, en matière de comportements et de résultats techniques, retirées de l'Evaluation Après Occupation des bâtiments.

modèles d'information du bâtiment?bâtiments?processus de conception?outils de conception?début de conception?efficacité énergétique?retour d'information?simulation des performances?évaluation après occupation     

独立学院土木工程专业毕业设计教学改革与实践

毕业设计是土木工程专业人才培养中一个重要的综合性教学环节,独立学院在组织毕业设计中存在一定的困难.福州大学至诚学院土木工程系通过毕业设计前统筹安排、按学生的就业方向分组、全过程与业界密切合作、结合工程实践进行选题、有效的过程控制措施、改进成绩评定方法等方面进行创新,较好地解决了独立学院在毕业实践环节组织中面临的问题,对提高学生的培养质量、促进毕业生就业起到了重要作用.     

高层建筑地下连续墙的施工技术

地下连续墙具有较大的刚度,可以很好地承受侧向压力,并在基坑开挖过程中出现较小的变形,由于施工中噪声较小,对周边的建筑物也不会产生太大的影响,能够在建筑物比较密集的地方使用,可以有效地保护城市环境。论文结合实例,对高层建筑地下连续墙的施工技术进行了探讨。     

高速铁路大量应用连续梁桥的施工管理和技术对策

连续梁(刚构)桥施工技术已经成熟,但大量的连续梁(刚构)桥集中施工时,受工期安排和资源调配的约束,和单一桥梁的施工有着本质的不同。结合杭甬、杭长2个标段100多处连续梁(刚构)桥的施工,从地基处理、合拢施工、跨线防护、管线干扰等方面所采取的不同于单一桥梁施工的管理和技术对策。